The plight of migrant workers

Introduction:The wise saying goes, ‘The writer sees, what the Sun can not see.’’(Proverb) If that writer happens to be a photojournalist, his products are going to be nearer to the reality. This is the strength of the book of David Bacon. Of the four factors of production, Land, Labor Capital and Organization, it is known that the Labor occupies the first position, because without it, the other three are rendered idle.In the context of globalization of all segments of economic and profit-generating activities, agriculture too occupies the prominent place. The labor requirement in this area is vast, and it needs to be employed at the right time, depending upon the timings of the harvesting and marketing of the crops. How do the migrant workers plough their lives, what are the problems that confront them and what is the solution?The harsh realities of migrant experience†¦The materialistic civilization, industrial and internet revolution have made the concept of globalization a reality, without world leaders formally announcing the same. The economic compulsions are such, something tangible is happening all over the world in the industrial and agricultural sectors, without anyone making efforts for it ‘actually.’ Transnational communities are being formed in the natural course, because of the common economic and survival interests and aspirations of such labor force.This has happened all along the northern road from Guatemala, via Mexico and far into the United States. Douglas Bacon is eminently suited to do the task of writing this book, for he is thrice-blessed—being the journalist, the photographer, and a trade union leader and labor organizer.(Ahn, 2004) With the might of his pen, and the click of the flashgun of the camera, he gives the picture of the real life of the migrant labors working for plenty and prosperity of others to a great extent, and their individual prosperity to some extent.Workers move and become part of the migrant work-force, not because they want to move, but because someone somewhere is willingly and anxiously waiting for them. Undocumented immigrants far outnumber the documented immigrants. (Ahn, 2004)US border policy treats them in an unjust manner, labeling them as an aggregation of individuals.Immigration policy on such block of immigrants demands special attention and policy guidelines, to properly accept them into the mainstream of the society, because they are contributing to the welfare of that society. These great dramas of borderlands create new issues time and again.   Their combined work output is definitely contributing to the movement of giant wheels of agriculture production to fulfill the food requirements of the Nation. The labor movements are both for survival and for further improvement of working conditions to secure stable life, without uncertainties and anxieties.Agriculture:1. The obstacles the migrant workers face, their thoughts about their hom eland, and their plans for building a better life:The number of migrant workers in USA runs into millions. They are available for all types of work related to agriculture, like planting, weeding, harvesting and packing. Their contribution is basic and fundamental, but in return, they don’t get what they deserve. Their income is less than $7,500 an year. (Ahn, 2004)The working conditions are dangerous from the point of view of health, for they have to toil in the hot fields below the hotter sun, they handle  Ã‚   not too safe farm equipments, the ill effects of physical exposure to herbicides, chemical fertilizers and poisonous pesticides do serious damage to their health.â€Å"Often we went into the fields barefoot,† remembers Jorge Giron, from the Mixtec town of Santa Maria Tindu, who now lives in Fresno. His wife, Margarita, recalls that in the labor camp â€Å"the rooms were made of cardboard, and you could see other families through the holes. When you had to re lieve yourself, you went in public because there were no bathrooms. You would go behind a tree or tall grass and squat. People bathed in the river and further down others would wash their clothes and drink. A lot of people came down with diarrhea and vomiting.† The strikes, they say, forced improvements. (Bacon, 2005)2. In what way do the members of these communities face ethnic and racial discrimination?The main problem of the migrant workers is their status. Since they are illegal entrants, the worry of their clandestine stay bothers them during 24 hours in a day. Their number is more than 52% of the total workforce. (Ahn, 2004) They move like caravans, depending upon the requirements in a particular area.This affects their lifestyle adversely, because they live in temporary houses, in congested areas where sanitation facilities are too poor. Some spend their nights in their cars or dusted fields; under temporary structures.   They work even when they are sick, for the med ical facilities are poor, one is afraid to ask for them for the fear of losing wages, or even the job. In case of prolonged illness, the chances of being deported are certain.Long periods of absence from homeland and the denial of the association of near and dear ones, lead to depression in many cases. Since the job is temporary and without any perquisites, they remain engulfed in a sense of insecurity. They live under compulsion, for they have to support their family members in a distant land, who are expecting their remittances month after month. Migrant workers with the family, face another problem of education of their children, as they have to constantly shift from one school to another.The children are brought up in uncertain and poor conditions and they develop a sense of inferiority complex. The racial and ethnic problems though not there legally, yet in the day to day dealings, they show their presence. â€Å"Labor organizing was part of the mix here too. In 1993 FIOB bega n collaboration with the United Farm Workers. â€Å"We recognized the UFW was a strong union representing agricultural workers,† Dominguez explains. â€Å"They recognized us as an organization fighting for the rights for indigenous migrants.†But it was an uneasy relationship. Mixtec activists felt that UFW members often exhibited the same discriminatory attitudes common among Mexicans back home toward indigenous people. Fighting racism in Mexico, however, had prepared them for this. According to Rivera Salgado, â€Å"the experience of racism enforces a search for cultural identity to resist [and] creates the possibility of new forms of organization and action.†(Bacon, 2005)3. What kinds of organizations have they formed to protect themselves?Cezar Chavez founded the United Farm Workers Union and the farm workers stand up for their rights. His pressure tactics made the growers sign the contract, which protected worker’s interests. Laws are being framed one after another, but these have proved to be laws designed for exploitation. For every provision of the law for protecting the interests of the workers, the legal brains of the employers find an escape route. â€Å"Labor shortages caused by World War II resulted in the 1942 U.S./Mexico Bracero Program. Bracero contracts ranged from one to six months, and employers were required to provide food and housing, pay local wage rates, cover medical expenses, and provide transportation between Mexico and the farm.These clauses, however, were rarely enforced and growers routinely exploited Braceros by shorting the hours they worked or changing the rate of pay once the work was completed.†(Ahn, 2004) With strong protests from the labor, the Bracero Program was terminated in 1964.United Farm Workers Union of America (UDW) is credited with securing improvement in the working conditions of California farm workers and now the workers have the legal mandate of access to faucets, toilets and cold drinking water. But the Unions face a peculiar problem. They don’t get the necessary support from the workers. Less than 10 percent of all strawberry workers are unionized.(Ahn, 2004)At the National level, there are several organizations fighting for the rights of the workers. Some of them are the Coalition of Immokalee Workers in Florida, Farm Labor Organizing Committee in North Carolina etc.4. How does their position in American society compare with the civil rights struggles of other groups we have studied?The Civil Rights Struggle is a broad struggle, having national and international repercussions. The problem of migrant worker is a â€Å"struggle within the struggle.†(Own)   Rights for the workers are the consequential action to the Civil Rights struggle. Now that the civil rights issues are settled legally, it is time that the government pays sincere attention to the plight of the migrant workers, so it does not turn out to be an issue like the issue of s lavery in disguise.Conclusion:Unfortunately in USA, democracy and capitalism have joined hands to give a free reign to exploitation and the workers are at the receiving ends. What to talk about those illegal migrant workers. They are like smuggled goods liable to be confiscated by the Government at any time. Some tangible steps need to be taken to reconcile these good ideals. USA has tried combinations and permutations, by placing emphasis on one or the other ideal. The problem of migrant workers is mainly the human problem, apart from the one that of legal and economic.The concept by the workers that the Management is the sworn enemy and they must be a war with it always, is wrong. Similarly, the Management needs to have the humane approach. The thought process both the parties need to change. Then only their action process will also change. So, when the thoughts are changed, the mind is changed; when the mind is changed, the man is changed; when the man is changed, the society is changed.References Cited:Ahn, Christine, Article: Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy | For Land †¦Workers Without Rights in American Agriculture, (2004)†¦Bacon, David (Author), Carlos, Jr. Munoz (Foreword), Douglas Harper (Foreword) Book: Communities without Borders: Images and Voices from the World of MigrationPaperback: 235 pagesPublisher: ILR Press; 1 edition (October 2006)Language: EnglishISBN-10: 0801473071ISBN-13: 978-0801473074Proverb: Source anonymousOwn: This symbol is my own creation.Bacon, David: Article: Communities Without Borders (David Bacon);The Nation: October 2005 issue.

Microsoft: An Overview

There are many factors that must be considered when â€Å"scoping† out a company for a potential merger or acquisition. I being the CEO of a major competitive software manufacturing company look for many things. Things such as strategic planning, financial performance, technological advances and marketing opportunities are just some of the factors that must be looked at when considering another company for acquisition. In this case, Microsoft Corporation is our target. I will be examining the above-mentioned factors before making my decision on whether or not an acquisition will be feasible. Microsoft Corporation was founded in 1975 by William H. Gates III. The company, which was inspired by Gates, had a vision of computers powered by software developed by the company being a way of life. The goal was to integrate computers into people†s everyday lives. The company started out in Gates† garage with primitive technology and unlimited aspiration. Today the company has grown to be the world†s number one software developer and manufacturer. The company offers a very diverse line of products ranging from home user applications to high tech business software. Microsoft develops and manufactures a full line of games, web publishing, and most importantly, it†s number one piece of software, Windows 2000 and ever-popular Office 2000. The world basically runs on Microsoft software. The software is shipped with 70% of the world†s computers giving Microsoft a total of over 19 billion dollars in revenues for 1999. Microsoft has recently emerged in the world of Internet Service Providers (ISP†s) to become a competitor of the well-known America Online. The Microsoft Network (MSN) as it is known offers users the same advantages of the leading ISP†s while incorporating its own technology to make the online experience more user friendly and technologically advanced than the others. MSN allows users to interface their online work with their regular operating software to allow for easier web publishing, more advanced multimedia presentations, and quicker processing time. There have been many issues concerning Microsoft†s strategies. Many say that the company is only in the market to take over and monopolize. As a matter of fact, the United States Government is currently in a civil anti-trust case against the company. Evidence and criticism has been brought against them in order to try to stop them from monopolizing. In the past five years, Microsoft has made over forty acquisitions of companies of all sizes. It seems now that they are doing more investing in companies rather than taking over. Microsoft holds large investment positions in NBC, Nextel Communications, AT&T, NTL Inc. , Qwest Communications and United Pan-Europe Communications. Of course those are only the largest investment positions of 200 million dollars and over. There are many other small investment positions as well. This is just one of the strategies of the company, as a result of all of their investment positions, it allows them to increase their market share through exposure in different markets. Another strategy that Microsoft adheres to is to be the most technologically advanced software developer in the market. Microsoft has always been the leader in technology when it comes to all types of software, whether it is for home user or business. It is said that within the next few years, many people will begin to live in â€Å"smart homes. Microsoft is currently developing technology that will enable a computer to run an entire household, without the user being home! It is this type of technology that keeps Microsoft ahead of the rest of the competition. This goes hand in hand with the expected $3. 8 billion expected investment in R&D in fiscal 2000. It is no wonder why the government is trying to break up this enormous super power of a company! A critical strategy that Microsoft is part of is immense globalization. Microsoft has marketing locations in over 73 countries worldwide. This is a big part of Microsoft†s strategy because it allows them to gain exposure all over the world, which will influence businesses and homes all over the world to become part of the Microsoft network of software. Financially Microsoft has always been a top performer. Since the company went public in March of 1986, the company has grown to 325% of its original size. In fiscal year 1985, the company had a net income of $24 million, as of fourth quarter 1999; the company had a net income of $7. 7 billion. Total stockholders equity in fiscal 99 was over $28 billion. Numbers like these are not very common in the software developing and manufacturing business. Most of Microsoft†s revenues come from Licensing Agreements. Licensing Agreements are software agreements that companies enter into with Microsoft for the permission to install and use Microsoft software in their business. When new software is available, the company has a choice to renew their lease agreement of use other software, the latter not being too wise. This brings me to the topics of competition and threats. True there is competition in the world of software, lots of it. The biggest competitor with Microsoft is a company called Red Hat. Red Hat manufactures a platform known as Linux. Linux is strictly business application software that is used by large corporations for implementing inventory systems, databases, and the like. Another source of competition comes from a company known as Novell. Novell is known for Novell Netware. This is business application software that is used mainly in financial institutions like banks and brokerage firms. This software is used for logging transactions at banks and brokerage firms, while maintaining an internal network within the company. Red Hat and Novell only occupy about forty to fifty percent of the market share combined. One should keep in mind that behind these two software platforms is Microsoft†s NT Server Client software powering the servers that allow the companies to use this software! Basically, even thought there is competition, Microsoft still is able to gain a piece of the market share by being one step ahead of its competition. A big issue for Microsoft that is becoming a growing threat to the company is Software Piracy. Software Piracy is committed by making illegal copies of the software and perhaps even selling it. This is a very common act today with the ease of using a CD burner. In fact, many businesses operate on illegal software, which in turn hurts the revenues of Microsoft. Microsoft is currently working on programs that cannot be copied to blank disks in order to protect themselves from this threat. Currently, anyone who knows where to get the software from illegal web sites can download them absolutely free. Once this software is downloaded to a hard drive, it can be written to a CD and then re-written, an infinite number of times from that one CD that was originally used. It is clear to see that this can become quite harmful if not taken care of promptly. This is especially done with businesses. However, they do buy one copy of the software from Microsoft and then copy it onto all of the computers in the office, thereby saving themselves large amounts of money. It is a proven statistic that in some companies, there exists over five hundred copies of illegal software that are being used in normal business operation. It is easy to see how this can create a loss for Microsoft, no doubt that this problem will be resolved in the future. Another threat to Microsoft as I mentioned before is the ongoing Anti-trust case that is currently pending. In this case, the government is trying to break up Microsoft into perhaps a number of smaller companies, which would allow for more competition to enter the market. Bill gates sees this as a better opportunity to further diversify the line of product that Microsoft delivers. This will actually give Microsoft a better chance to scope out different markets and perhaps develop new products for PC†s and businesses that will better enable other countries to prosper. As the CEO of my firm, I have a very involved decision to make. I feel that the wisest decision would be to not acquire Microsoft. Microsoft is a company that is a pioneer of software and is fully established and in order to be able to take them over, my company needs to be able to continue what Microsoft started. My company does not have the type of funds to be able to take over Microsoft, nor do we have the market cap to cover a stock for stock purchase. However, there is one consideration that I may make, that is, to form a joint venture with Microsoft. I feel that this will benefit us both in many ways. First, our technology can be combined in order to make the worlds top software developer and manufacturer that will occupy every sector of the software industry. Our manufacturing plants can be consolidated and re-structured to cut costs, wile adapting to manufacture the new software line that my company would introduce. Our management team can be re-structured as well so that strategic planning and decision-making will better implement our new ideas and technological advances. Finally, our market share will be greatly increased because of the ability to be exposed to countries that we are not currently involved in. I feel that a combination of our companies would be probably the most beneficial event that could occur in my company. Microsoft has proven itself to be the number one software company in the world; together we would be unstoppable. One problem with this joint venture would be the matter with the pending Anti-Trust case, which would probably be further fueled by this joint venture. Whatever the outcome of the case, which by the way seems to be nearing a settlement, I feel that the newly formed company will be the best thing that has happened in software since 1975.

Jacob Riis & Jane Addams Essay on Progressive Era

At the turn of the twentieth century the press received a great amount of credit for the success of the Progressive movement. Notable muckrakers Jane Addams and Jacob Riis showed determination towards there being a change; each made sure to use their abilities to aid in not only a social way, but ask economically and politically, even to this day what they've done has made a massive impact. A native of Denmark, Jacob Riis moved to the US in 1870 to pursue work. Riis worked as a police reporter, but eventually became a social reformer.He fought to eliminate the devastating slum-like conditions that were present in New York City's Lower East Side. With the use of his book â€Å"How the Other Half Lives†, Riis was able to open many of the wealthy residences eyes to how immigrants and the less fortunate lives during that era. Riis himself endured similar conditions when he first made the transition to the states; he struggled with being jobless, hungry and homeless, many nights he copes with thoughts of suicide. Three years later he acquired a job as a journalist working for the New York association. How the Other Half Lives† targeted the minds of wealthy citizens as a way to get them to open their eyes to what others just like them were forced to live through. Jacob Riis pointed out that there were single family dwellings that shared side walls with other houses, they were called tenements and were overcrowded and unsanitary. Riis was able to project a very concerned tone and empathize with the people that suffered with poverty, because he too himself knows what it feels like to experience such an battle.Through the pictures in his book, America was able to see what little the government did to help financially unstable people. Riis along with fellow muckrakers Upton Sinclair with his novel â€Å"The Jungle† which shed light on disgusting and filthy conditions surrounding the production of food products, and Jane Addams who created the Hull Hou ses as a way to provide shelter and better living conditions for Americans.Overall Riis was able to accomplish exactly what he wanted, he was capable of successfully accomplishing what he set out to, with the recognition â€Å"How the Other Half Lives† received, people from the outside looking in changed their mindsets and actually improve the living conditions for the poor, which at that time lessened the amount of diseases spreading. An advocate for immigrants, the poor and women, at the age of twenty-nine Jane Addams established the Hull House in 1889, which opened its doors to European immigrants, providing them with food and shelter.Located in Chicago, the Hull House became the first settlement house in the United States. As a social reformer, Addams became the spokesperson for organized labors and was determined to eliminate poverty. Through her writing and speeches, Addams left a lasting impression on the nation during the Progressive Era; her commitment to immigrant c ommunities, and similar to Jacob Riis in her work with wanting to improve slum-like communities, helped change the way people view impoverished living conditions and the things they do to improve them.Both Jane Addams and Jacob Riis did whatever they sought necessary to improve the conditions that immigrants encountered during the progressive era, both worked and successfully got the wealthy and the government to make a change in the way they handled those specific situations, all while influencing modern day. With what they've done during the Progressive Era, Jane Addams and Jacob Riis made a key point in empathizing the needs for more jobs for immigrants and shelters for the less fortunate.

Analyzing the The Ecchoing Green Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyzing the The Ecchoing Green - Essay Example When we are born and are in our childhood, it is the most wonderful time just like the beginning of a new day. Everything good and joyous happens in that part of the life. The rhythm of the first stanza is fast which show the happiness of children playing in the ground. If our life is divided into three parts i.e. childhood, middle-age and old age, the first part is the most wonderful and merry just like the first stanza of the poem. In the second stanza, the old people are explained who are watching the children play in the ground. They forget their problems for some time. Soon they remember the times when they were children as then they also played like them on grassy ground. This is applicable to real life in its true form. When a person becomes old, the simplest of things remind him of his good old days when he used to be a child. The poem shows how old people feel happy and spry as they watch the children at play. A feeling of sadness can be detected when they sigh, â€Å"Such, such were the joys† (Line 17). The joys of childhood are gone in later years. It is, however, pleasurable and also painful, in old age to remember childhood that can never return. The same ground, The Echoing Green, is used to describe the childhood of the old people which is now in their memory. The time element is changed while describing that. This time, the allegory takes us directly to the old age and into the thoughts of the old people who are thinking about the past and the poem takes us with them to the past. As the sun sets, the children desire to move to their homes. They are tired and want to rest like the â€Å"birds in their nests†(Line 27). The poem shows well how small boys and girls run, jump, play and shout on grassy ground. This is applicable to real life as all the things, good, or bad, have to come to an end. The ultimate reality of life is death. The words â€Å"And our sports have an end† (Line 23) very clearly express that

ITPM Best Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ITPM Best Practices - Essay Example ITPM best practice of moving incrementally, that is, starting with the smaller spending categories significantly improves the return on investments. Implementing ITPM as a part of a large IT governance program improves the value of IT investments in an organization. The ITPM process is the same but the approach may differ depending on the type of business and the priorities set for the overall goals within the organization. For example, ITPM approach in a manufacturing company differs from the approach in a corporate environment. Manufacturing industries projects are not aligned with the resources that they implement or allocate for their areas since many products are wasted and during manufacture, and there is a high-turnover rate of employment that leads to reduced productivity (Best Practices in IT Portfolio Management, n.d). Terminating the risk, Avoidance - It is considered as the best strategy and thus more effort should be invested in investigating it wherever possible. Avoidance or elimination requires that a task or project is not done in the future. It also means that a process or work is redesigned so as to avoid the risky step. Transferring the risk, Transfer - In the transfer, another party is caused to accept the risk through contracting or hedging. An example of risk transfer is the insurance that uses contracts. Also, fund managers or brokerage firms use hedging to manage financial risks. Treating the risk, Mitigation - It involves reducing the impact of a particular risk. The approach is considered when the risk is not avoidable or transferable, and thus, the strategy is expected to keep the loss or damage at acceptable levels. Best Practices in IT Portfolio Management: MIT Sloan Management Review. (n.d.). MIT Sloan Management Review RSS. Retrieved from

Sustainable Concrete Environmental Studies Coursework

Sustainable Concrete Environmental Studies - Coursework Example This industry has been identified as causing massive environmental damages within the production area. The materials used like cement produce a lot of dust and, therefore, contribute greatly to this pollution. Gore & Steffen (2008) states that with the current issues of climate change and global warming, this industry are faced with a surmountable task of alienating itself from the effects of climate change. This raises the issue of ‘going green’ – manufacturing using eco-friendly procedures and operations. Challenges Industrialization in the recent years shows an immense impact on the environment. There have been some positive effects as well as negative ones. The negative effects of industrialization on the environment continue to cause the players within the industry acclaimed nightmares. In the manufacturing industry, top among the environmental concerns has been the emission of greenhouse gases. These gases have been identified as a leading cause of pollution to the ozone layer. The effects of these emissions have become evident around the globe with adverse effects of global warming becoming a reality as time progresses (Edward, 2006). Immense pressure continues to pile for manufacturers to adopt manufacturing methods showing low levels of carbon emissions. Concrete manufacturing industry also faces the challenge of dust which causes chest infections while contributing to environmental degradation. The adoption of sustainable manufacturing processes seems to be an invention in the right direction. A relative pollution reduction level has been achieved by the industry players who have adopted the culture of sustainable manufacturing. Sustainable manufacturing can be defined as the new way of doing business in the manufacturing industry (Frank-Martin and Peattie, 2009). It ensures that, while organizations adopt new environment friendly sources of energy, competitiveness is maintained by the business. Most manufacturers do this by improv ing their processes and products as well. The process of production poses a bigger challenge to the environment than the product. The method most manufactures have adopted to achieve sustainable manufacturing has been the use of 3Rs (reduce, recycle reuse). This method aims at reducing emission of wastes, finding uses for the waste products and recycling any manufactured item which can be recycled. The challenges posed by this approach are still enormous. The company would make a shift into manufacturing using sustainable production methods. It aims at reducing the amount of emission it delivers to the environment. Dust produced by concrete manufacturing plant needs to be controlled. Through the control of the amount of dust emitted, the company shall be able to achieve environmentally sustainable production level. This level can be marked by reduced emissions and pollution from a single plant. The company can install air compression facilities on the machines used for production. T hese facilities shall ensure the machine produces smaller amounts of air into the environment. The air produced by machines has been identified as what blows dust into the environment. Through compression, the level of dust emission shall be reduced leading to reduced dust pollution from the plant as a whole. In the UK construction and demolitions, have been identified as the two biggest waste streams. The impact of this has a direct impact on the concrete production industry. Managing this waste would significantly

A question of motivation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A question of motivation - Case Study Example Motivation can also make newly employed workers grasp the operations of an organization quickly. The case study involves conflict between Alex, a worker and Dan, his supervisor. Alex becomes bored for being allocated the same job every day until he dislikes his responsibility. Every day, Dan allocates Alex to arrange and fill shelves with apples to maintain the stock. Denise also works under the supervision of Dan, but does different work in the same store. In spite the fact that both Alex and Denise work under Dan and that Alex does more work than, and have even stayed in the organization longer than Denise, Alex receives lower pay than Denise. Still in the same organization but in different sector, Stephanie an employ who works under the supervision of Jonathan sell truffle oil that earns her good income and bonus when she delivers beyond certain expectations. In the organization, workers view Jonathan as one good supervisor whom everyone would desire to work with. Dan on the other hand is unfair in his dealings and seems to favor Denise at the expense of long serving Alex. Alex, working under the supervision of Dan is demoralized and lacks enthusiasm in his work. This is because Dan allocates him the same job every day with beliefs that someone works well when he practices the same job every day. Just like his colleague Denise who also works under the supervision of Dan, Alex feels that he should do different tasks for different days apart from stocking apples on the shelves.

Marketing in the Media 2013 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing in the Media 2013 - Essay Example Everybody wants the best for their pet, which in most cases receive as much attention as their loved ones. In fact, to some, they are their only source of companionship. Therefore, people want the best for their best friends, and the best way of doing this is by feeding them on the best quality food available. This is the marketing strategy that Blue Buffalo had when it launched the campaign series. Uploaded videos are short, directly addressing the main aim of the advertisement, which is showing the advantages of using Blue Buffalo food over other brands. Blue buffalo advertisement is not just an ordinary advertisement; it incorporates creativity, emotional appeal, engages the customers, and assures them of quality and results. Additionally, it is daring and convincing, especially by challenging the customers to take a test of their brand quality. Relevance of the advertisement Advertising is the manner in which producers of either goods or services seek to convince the public to pu rchase their goods or services, or sell their ideas to the people in order to make a sale. Marketing on the other hand is the act of communicating the value of an idea, good or service to a particular target audience in order to make a sale. ... Among the common strategies used by organizations, include educative advertising strategy, informative advertising strategies, and aggressive advertising strategies, among others. The Blue Buffalo campaign highlights the need for an aggressive marketing strategy for the success of any brand. Most of the companies, despite having a strong brand, fail to make sales due to lack of aggressive marketing and advertising. Aggressiveness of an advertisement seeks to catch the attention of the target audience, convincing them that theirs is the best choice. Not unless a company embarks on an aggressive marketing strategy, people will never know of the existence of their brand. By aggressively advertising, Blue Buffalo aims at catching the attention of all pet owners, within and outside United States to use its brand. Persuasive advertising, according to (Armstrong, 2010) aiming at persuading people to purchase a product or service, is an example of advertising strategy that Blue Buffalo adver tisements use. Blue commercials particularly aim at persuading pet owners to use their food to feed their pets (â€Å"Blue.com.† 2013). In order to consider a pet as successful, it must have achieved its purpose of sending the required information to the audiences. In this case, the success of Blue advertisements is persuading target market to purchase Blue Buffalo pet food. While advertising, different organizations use different methods in order to win target customers. Creativity is very significant in an advertisement, and every advertisement seeks to incorporate different styles in order to make the advert rather appealing and captivating. Not only does it capture the attention of the people, it also shows the uniqueness of the

Discuss how clinical protocols tie into quality management programs Research Paper

Discuss how clinical protocols tie into quality management programs within in the clinical setting - Research Paper Example Brown et al., second this in their study on quality assurance in healthcare in developing countries when they stress on the fact that improving quality actually pays rather than costs, and how health managers with limited budgets cannot afford to ignore that fact (Brown, Franco, Rafeh & Hatzell, n.d.). Buttell et al., mention a few clinical measures recommended by the Institute of Medicine, which are; to improve leadership and knowledge, to identify and learn from errors, to set performance standards and expectations for safety and to implement safety systems in health care organizations (Buttell, Hendler & Daley, 2007). A safe healthcare environment is essential for any medical or clinical institution. Clinical protocols must be followed to ensure quality management and control. They tie into quality management programs within the clinical setting by making healthcare safe, effective, patient-centered, apt, resourceful and impartial.  The thing that  should be aiming for, is constant  improvement. So that, future generations may also benefit from improved healthcare standards as a result of following clinical protocols. In order to achieve the objective of uninterrupted  improvement, merely defining the parameters of what quality care actually is will definitely not be sufficient although the mission hasn’t quite reached completion. Brown, L. D., Franco, L.M., Rafeh, N., Hatzell, T. (n.d.). Quality Assurance of Health Care in Developing Countries. Quality Assurance Methodology Refinement Series. Retrieved from http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnabq044.pdf Buttell, P., Hendler, R., Daley, J. (2007). Quality in Healthcare: Concepts and Practice. The Business of Healthcare. Retrieved from

Relationship formation Essay Example for Free

Relationship formation Essay A relationship is an encounter with another person or a group of people that endures over time. It happens with celebrities even though you dont meet them. Derrick (2008) discovered how these fake relationships (parasocial relationships) could provide a safe route for people who have a difficult time with real interpersonal relationships. People with low self-esteem can use parasocial relationships to feel closer to their ideal selves (i.e. the person they would rather be than the person they actually are). Â  Relationships are important to social well being. They are characterised by features including the following: responsibility, giving,, taking, rules (for e.g. you cant sleep with your friends ex-partner) and roles (best friend, wife, daughter mother etc). There are two main theories that explain why relationships are formed. I am going to begin with the reward/need satisfaction model (Byrne and Clove, 1970) this suggests that both operant and classical conditioning play a part in relationships. This theory states that we learn to associate with people for positive and enjoyable situations even if they are not directly rewarding us in these instances. In other words, we enter a relationship that rewards us the most or give us the most pleasure. As generally when time is spent with others we have a laugh and feel happy, vibrant and awesome. Whereas when we spend time alone we tend to feel sad and lonely to some extent lethargic. Also, this theory uses conditioning and reinforcement. Classical conditioning is when we associate with pleasure rather than being directly rewarded. In contrast, operant conditioning is when we are directly rewarded such as through gifts, companionship and sex. Positive reinforcement is when you are rewarded by compliments for example. On the other hand negative reinforcement is achieved by taking something good away from you such as you split with your boyfriend but to make the sadness go away from splitting up with your partner by sleeping with someone else or going out with someone else (rebound). Therefore, this relationship is based on negative reinforcement as you are involved in the relationship to take away the upset and sad feelings you have. In addition May and Hamilton (1980) asked female students to say how much they liked the look of male students (strangers), whose photographs they were given. Some students viewed them while pleasant music was being played. Others looked at the photographs while unpleasant music was being played. A comparison (control) group viewed the same pictures, but no music was played. As predicted in the hypothesis, the students who had heard the pleasant music while looking at the photographs liked the men best and rated them more attractive. This and many experiments (e.g. Cunningham, 1998) have shown that positive effect (feeling/emotion) can lead to attraction. However this experiment didnt take into account individual differences as participants may like the unpleasant music just as much as the pleasant music. Also doesnt take into account gender differences as the type of music played may not affect males on their scoring. Overall, the reward/need satisfaction model doesnt take into account that giving may provide people with pleasure rather than just receiving. Hays (1985) found when examining student friendships as much value was given to rewarding the other person than as being rewarded oneself. Participants in relationships are often more concerned with equity and fairness in rewards and demands than with the desire to maximise their own benefits. Furthermore, this model tends to focus on western cultures hence lacks ecological validity. In non -western cultures you tend to be rewarded for being like everyone else rather than individualistic so being in a relationship wouldnt be rewarding in these cultures. Hill (1972) showed that kinship bonds are very influential resilient not dependent on reinforcement. Indicating social relationships are more commonly found in these countries and show little concern for the receipt of reinforcements. In addition this theory doesnt take into account gender differences as women are more focused on the needs of others, with men it is against their machismo and manliness, who are orientated towards the gratification of their own needs, (Lott, 1994). However it could be argued that meeting the needs of others might be reinforcing in itself. Moreover, the matching hypothesis (Walster et al, 1966) suggests that physical attractiveness is the main thing we look for in a mate and that we are attracted to those that are similar to us. Further research lead to the following main theories: socially desirable individuals seek out other socially desirable individuals and matched couples tend to be more successful than unmatched couples. When we are choosing a mate we are influenced by desirability and the probability of the person saying yes (realistic choice). Murstein (1972) supports the theory that physical attractiveness is the main factor when forming a relationship (the matching hypothesis). Murstein argues that individuals initial attraction towards each other in the formative stages of a relationship depends on available costs that indicate their social desirability (e.g. physical attractiveness). Data collected in the real world shows strong evidence for the matching effect in correlational studies conducted with actual couples (e.g. Murstein 1972, Silverman 1971). In these studies the attractiveness level is measured for each partner for actual couples.

The Changing Business Environment Of Sainsbury Marketing Essay

The Changing Business Environment Of Sainsbury Marketing Essay INTRODUCTION Sainsbury is a third largest food retailer in the United Kingdom. Sainsbury was founded in 1869 by John James Sainsbury and his wife Mary Ann in London, England and grew rapidly during the Victorian era. It grew to become the largest grocery retailer in 1922, pioneered self service retailing in the UK, and its heyday during the 1980. The founding Sainsbury family still retain approximately 15% of Sainsbury plc shares (as of May 2008), through various trust. The family sold down their stake from 35% in 2005. The largest Sainsbury family shareholders are Lord Sainsbury of Turville with 5.83. Largest overall shareholder is the investment vehicle of the Qatari royal family who now hold 26.145% of the company. The report is analyzing the growth of the company by PESTLE, SWOT and Porters five force analysis. SAINSBURY STRATEGY Sainsbury plcs present focus is to improve the performance of the core UK supermarket chain. Whilst doing so we will continue to explore and develop growth opportunities in other markets. Through implementing Managing For Value we will stretch our ambitions and challenge the conventional wisdom within the Company, thereby unlocking our potential and delivering value. Source: Sainsbury Web site. Sainsburys have in place quality control at many stages of the food retailing business; in the development of new food products, the companys Food Centre operates a three stage process of quality assurance: Quality Control; Sensory Appraisal; and Development. In Quality Control, new and re-developed products are sampled by product managers and buyers; in Sensory Appraisal, focus groups are used to find out what consumers think about current and new products; and in Development, the Food Centre is interested in identifying trends in food to produce new recipe ideas. Sainsbury has many strategy planning. Old strategy plan was Making life taste better which seems fairly bland on its own but then off course thats the paint since Sainsbury sells such a wide variety of product to such a group of people. The company has shown strategy as a part of its semi-annual results which declare yesterday. It also has told that has joined the organization which promotes the electronic communications of the shareholder named eTree, and the young tree of wood charity of preservation Wood Trust for each shareholder who is registered in service will offer. Till now almost 5 000 shareholders have signed, equivalent approximately to six acres of planting of trees, she has told. At the same time the technology played roles in it 123 %-s profits during the period. The supermarket has told that its restoration should reach on the move its purpose of 2.5 billion pounds of total of additional sales to 2008. The Total amount of sales has raised on 8.3 % to  £9,6 billions. Registration is free, and gives you full access to our extensive library of the White Book, examples and the analysis, loadings and professional work spheres, and it is more. It has faced especially healthy, become online, where first half sales have grown by more than 40 %-s year in a year, while expansion intends to offer the home delivery shopping 85 % of the British house economy. Availability of a product of Sainsbury also promoted in favorable turn from problems, which face in run to last Christmas which has left regiments empty. It has told in its statement: the Center in system of deliveries was on maintenance of benefit of recent reorganization and delivery of the basic efficiency duties. The reorganized warehouses address with the increased volume compared to last year, giving the improved service to shops with smaller quantity of a resource. The company is in the middle of three-year business transformation which saw that it has finished the  £1,7 billion, the seven-year agreement making the contract on the party with Accenture and has brought it IT back internal in October of last year. MACRO ENVIRONMENT Macro Environment provides information about the environment which can guide strategic direction and helps in making decision making (Saxby, C.L, et al 2002). A successful strategy should result in a favorable position in an industry Competitive advantage (Porter, M.E, 2004). Sustainable competitive advantage is achieved by generating or possessing resources that are inimitable, are valued by customer and can be used effectively (Fahy, J. and Smithee, A, 1999). These classifiable capabilities characterize the organization from the competition and lead to the ability which can provide a competitive advantage in the market. These distinctive capabilities of the company will provide a competitive advantage in the market. Environmental scanning helps the organization in providing information about the strengths and weakness of competitors and consumer behavior and helps in preparing marketing strategies to leverage these resources and apply appropriately. (Saxby et al, 2002) Saxby highlighted the importance of regular scanning due to the dynamic nature of the modern business environment. This is very important because even very minute differences in the environment such as cultural changes, legislative can be the difference between becoming the market leader and insolvency. It is also very important to notice that the environmental changes on one company will be different to that of other company. A threat for one company can be an opportunity for another, environmental scanning helps in observing these threats or opportunities and act on them. PESTLE ANALYSIS Political forces: Political forces are referred to policies that are related to government such as the degree of intervention in the economic scale. What product and services does the mentioning country want to provide what extent does it depend in subsidizing organizations? Sainsburys is forced by these factors. Economic forces: The economic changes of any government have impact on local business. These include interest rates, taxation charges, economic growth, inflation and exchange rates. So business influenced by the economical factors has impact nationally as well as globally. Sainsburys is automatically gripped by those forces. Social forces: (Argenti, 1974) It is very important for any business to understand the values and the culture of the society even before starting the business. Changes in social trends can impact on the demand for a firms products and the availability of individuals to work. This may also includes the tastes, habits, dislikes, customs, traditions, demographics etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Sainsbury does totally follow these factors. It is operating effective charities, sponsoring games, arranging social activities, raising fund for Animal welfare, and many more. Technological forces: New technologies create new products and new processes are created by modern technology. (Galbraith, 1967) Technology is The systematic application of scientific or other organized knowledge to practical tasks. Online shopping, bar coding and computer aided design are all improvements to the way we do business as a result of better technology. These developments can benefit consumers as well as organizations providing the products. Internet shopping, bar coding and computer proofed designs are all upgrading to the way .Sainsburys do to run their business as a result of better technology. Sainsburys is now using the self service counter. Environmental forces: Environmental forces include the changing of weather and climate. Changes in temperature can impact on many industries including farming, leisure and tourism and insurance as well. With major climate changes occurring due to global warming and with better environmental awareness this external forces is becoming an important issue for Sainsburys to consider. Legal forces: Sainsburys is in the boundaries of legal forces locally, nationally, globally. These are very close to the legal enforcements in which firms operate. The introduction of discrimination of age and disability discrimination, legislation, Show ID, etc. SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT analysis is done on internal and external environment one of the most important strategic planning process. The environmental factors in the organization are divided into Internal and External factors. Internal factors are further classified as Strengths or Weakness and the external factors are further classified into Opportunities or Threats. Such an analysis of the strategic environment is referred to as SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis provides all the information that is required to match the organizations capabilities to the competitive environment in which it runs. How SWOT analysis fits into environmental scanning is shown as SWOT Analysis Framework SWOT ANALYSIS OF SAINSBURYS: Strengths à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ This is a very strong company with huge traders who are interested and trust worthy to the company. Also it had 509 supermarkets and 276 stores, thus became a Established trader. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To develop in business every company has to depend on customers. It is said that Customer is God, as a popular and reputed company Sainsburys followed the saying and won its customers trust and developed a good customer base. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Had a huge chain of Supermarkets with 509 supermarkets, 276 stores and a bank. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Also it had large volumes of stock so it helps in reducing the cost. Weakness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Having huge staffs make them pay more. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Having 509 supermarkets and 276 stores it is having high maintenance cost. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Because of heavy stocks if product is failed huge stock will be leftover. Threats à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ As UK is having many supermarkets there is always heavy completion among ASDA, WALMART, TESCO etc à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Having many discount offers company may lose profits on certain products. Opportunities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Having good volumes it is planning for new activities. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is a huge success in United Kingdom and now planning to expand into Eastern Europe. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Also had large customer base and there is scope for huge employment. PORTERS 5 FORCES ANALYSIS Competitive rivalry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the retail market is extremely competitive with a very crowded market. Now, more and more companies are trying to get into non food sectors (Rigby and Killgren 2008) further intensifying the competition. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sainsburys has a market share of 14.9% in 2007, steadily increasing since its restructuring program that started in 2004 (Annual Report 2007). This is a positive trend but it lags well behind the runaway market leader Tesco, showing that there is considerable distance to cover. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tesco, Asda, and Morrisons are the other three big supermarket chains in the UK retail sector. All of them have a different competitive advantage over their competitors. Sainsburys reach in the convenience stores makes it have a larger customer reach. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Banks and building societies compete with Sainsbury bank but it is not a core business for Sainsburys. Barriers for entry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Barriers to entry are extremely high in the food retail market due to a number of factors. Firstly, organized retail is amongst the most sophisticated sectors within the UK and needs a lot of investment, along with significant brand development, which takes years to establish (Doyle 2002). Secondly, retail is also at an advanced stage within the UK and most of the western world, which means there is little scope for new entrants to establish themselves. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Local knowledge is extremely crucial within the food retail sector, something that is difficult for foreign firms to replicate. This is corroborated by the presence of few global supermarkets within UK. Threats of Substitutes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The threat of substitutes in the food retail industry is a low one simply because consumers view it as a necessity, especially in the developed world and increasingly in the emerging markets. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The retail market is always trying to converge and assimilate new innovations with respect to food products or alternative businesses, to make shopping an extremely pleasurable experience. This makes them extremely difficult to substitute à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The only major threat of substitute is an internal industry threat whereby one supermarket can lap up the business of other supermarkets. Buyer power à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Buyer power is high in this industry simply due to the presence of so many competitors selling the same products. It is only differentiated in price and consumer loyalty and increasingly on green credentials. Moreover, the switching costs are low for consumers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ As the economy goes further towards recession (ODoherty 2008) consumers needs are likely to be given more weight, increasing their power considerably. Supplier power à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Supplier power is usually more complicated as it is difficult to categorize it. It is safe to call it a mutually dependent relationship as suppliers are in itself huge companies, like PG, Unilever, Cadbury etc. with huge brand appeal. It can be argued that if supermarkets do not sell their products consumers will shift loyalties, making suppliers very powerful. However, if the products of big companies do not reach supermarkets, their sales volumes will be affected hugely. The relationship might change depending on the situation of the big branded supplier, for example, when sales of Cadburys dairy milk increased through the successful Gorilla ad campaign (Wiggins and Urry 2007). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Supplier power of smaller suppliers will not be considerable because of their sales volumes on dependence on these supermarkets. Conclusion Here we can see that Sainsbury always use the market mix to develop and implement its strategies by using the market mix. It satisfies the customers by improving the strategies which meet the needs of the customer. It always research on the market to know the interest of a customer who is able to buy its products. It continues to implement the market segmentation to develop its business strategies which shows the development of a business. Sainsbury use the market segmentation to display large variety of products and sell to deferent groups and to achieve large amount of sales overall. It offers a large number of products in a convenient location and opens the store for long hours. It also encourages the customers by easy cash options through debit card and credit card. It also offers the cash back facility to the customers on their purchases. Recommendation Sainsbury have to give high quality product and have to care about customers satisfactions. They have to sell product with particular prize for customer. They have to care about customer loyalty and satisfaction.

My Alarming Dream :: essays research papers

" My Alarming Dream " My little old copper alarm clock rests on my desk tick - tocking away each inevitable second of the day, only to shake, rattle, and ring me to wake every morning. As I lay there in bed, half dead, sometimes wishing maybe that I was, achy and tired stretching and scratching like a jungle cat, I feel the morning crawl into my house. The smell of fresh coffee creeps under my door my sister's radio blares the newest teen sensation and drowns out the morning news light seeps in through cracks in my curtains and the cold of a winter night forces me to burrow back under a warm heap of scratchy old quilts as I tell myself, "five more minutes and I'll get up." I contort myself into a comfortable knotty little ball under the heavy coverings and bury my head into the broken-in old feather pillow searching for warmth and what remains of my last dream. BRRRIIIIAAAAAANNNNGGGGG, ka-tank, tank, ka-tunk. My brain is electrocuted to life by the cantankerous little alarm clock. It's fine springs and wires click into their places the polished metal bells get beat by the whipping hammer as it snaps back and forth. The bells scream out in alarm. It hops and jumps does the wake up dance on its stubby little legs, just to tell me it's time to go. As the clock stops dancing I reach out from my cave with a daring hand and grab it. It's shockingly cold and damp nearly frozen by the night air that had blown in through my still open window. Only after I've set the clock down, do I notice the face has been frosted over by the night's dew. The ticking hands run behind an opaque wall of ice doing their best to keep the time despite their arctic environment. Just as I was about to call it a day and crawl back under the blankets, the coffee gods called to me from their percolating temple, "Corey.!.!.!. The best part of waking up, is Folgers in your cup." Stunned, I looked up to see Juan Valdez and his trusty donkey sidekick standing in the doorway with a mug of steaming joe. "Hola Senor," Juan greeted me. "Mornin' Juan, " I replied as I crawled out

Embryo and Stem Cell Research :: Diseases Science Papers

Thesis: While embryo and stem cell research may one day provide treatments for many diseases; including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, diabetes, paralysis and cancer, ethical consideration must be addressed in order for scientist to utilize human embryos for medical research. I. Introduction Stem cell research has shown a great promise and advance in its technique since 1998 when human pluripotent stem cells were isolated for the first time. Since then research on stem cells has received much public attention both because of their extraordinary potential in curing devastating diseases and because of relevant legal and ethical issues. While embryo stem cell research may one day provide treatments for many diseases, including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, diabetes, paralysis and cancer, ethical consideration must be addressed in order for scientists to utilize human embryos for medical research. The purpose of this paper is to inform the reader about the stem cells and research involving embryonic stem cells and others, and to address some of the ethical and moral considerations. It is important to understand the basic concepts and terminology. The following section will give definitions, types and origins of stem cells. It will then be followed by further discussion of embryo stem cells, giving specific attention to their pluripotent characteristics and differences from adult stem cells. Finally the moral and ethical issues will be addressed from scientist and pro-life advocate's point of view. The stem cell research is still in its infancy and needs a lot of support and effort to advance further. In order to promote the advance of the techniques for the good of human kind, it is important to understand the topic and issues around the stem cell research and thus promote more stem cell research. II. Background Information What are Stem Cells? A stem cell is a special kind of cell that has a unique capacity to self-replicate and to give rise to specialized cells. There are three basic types of stem cells: totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent. Totipotent stem cells, meaning their potential is total, have the capacity to give rise to every cell type of the body and have the potential to develop into a fetus when they are placed into the uterus (Wang, 2002). To date, no such totipotent stem cell lines (primary cell cultures) have been developed. Pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells, are capable of generating types of cells that develop from the three germ layers (mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm) from which all the cells of the body arise (National Institutes of Health Department of Health and Human Service (NIH), 2001, p 2). Embryo and Stem Cell Research :: Diseases Science Papers Thesis: While embryo and stem cell research may one day provide treatments for many diseases; including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, diabetes, paralysis and cancer, ethical consideration must be addressed in order for scientist to utilize human embryos for medical research. I. Introduction Stem cell research has shown a great promise and advance in its technique since 1998 when human pluripotent stem cells were isolated for the first time. Since then research on stem cells has received much public attention both because of their extraordinary potential in curing devastating diseases and because of relevant legal and ethical issues. While embryo stem cell research may one day provide treatments for many diseases, including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, diabetes, paralysis and cancer, ethical consideration must be addressed in order for scientists to utilize human embryos for medical research. The purpose of this paper is to inform the reader about the stem cells and research involving embryonic stem cells and others, and to address some of the ethical and moral considerations. It is important to understand the basic concepts and terminology. The following section will give definitions, types and origins of stem cells. It will then be followed by further discussion of embryo stem cells, giving specific attention to their pluripotent characteristics and differences from adult stem cells. Finally the moral and ethical issues will be addressed from scientist and pro-life advocate's point of view. The stem cell research is still in its infancy and needs a lot of support and effort to advance further. In order to promote the advance of the techniques for the good of human kind, it is important to understand the topic and issues around the stem cell research and thus promote more stem cell research. II. Background Information What are Stem Cells? A stem cell is a special kind of cell that has a unique capacity to self-replicate and to give rise to specialized cells. There are three basic types of stem cells: totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent. Totipotent stem cells, meaning their potential is total, have the capacity to give rise to every cell type of the body and have the potential to develop into a fetus when they are placed into the uterus (Wang, 2002). To date, no such totipotent stem cell lines (primary cell cultures) have been developed. Pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells, are capable of generating types of cells that develop from the three germ layers (mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm) from which all the cells of the body arise (National Institutes of Health Department of Health and Human Service (NIH), 2001, p 2).

Advertising And The Super Bowl Essay example -- essays research papers

Every year, millions of viewers from around the world tune in to watch one of the most exhilarating events in sports unfold--the Super Bowl. The one-game, winner-take-all contest for supremacy in the National Football League has grown into more than just a football game opposing the best teams of the NFL. It has become the premier event for new television advertising. With half of the ten, all-time most watched television events having been Super Bowls; networks are able to sell precious seconds of airtime to large companies for millions of dollars. As we move into the 21st century, publicity for the game’s commercials has come to rival that of the game itself. Since it’s beginning, the Super Bowl has drawn top sponsor dollars and high television ratings. But there are two key events that are linked to the phenomenal rise seen in Super Bowl advertising to what it is today. In 1969, Joe Namath led his New York into Super Bowl III, where they knocked off the Baltimore Colts in one of the most shocking Super Bowl upsets of all time, giving the American Football Conference credibility and causing Super Bowl ad rates to skyrocket. Fifteen years later, in what is widely accepted as the most famous Super Bowl spot of all time, the Apple Computer was introduced, making it a household name and setting a new standard for Super Bowl advertising (Lohse 14).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The incredible climb of Super Bowl advertising is most clearly shown by the current prices for airtime. In last year’s Super Bowl matchup between the New York Giants and Baltimore Ravens, companies paid CBS close to 2.4 million dollars for a thirty second slot. That amounts to over 75,000 dollars per second. CBS also heavily promoted and aired the show: â€Å"The Super Bowl’s Greatest Commercials,† the night before the big game. â€Å"The Super Bowl has become a phenomenon in and of itself for commercials. It provides a breeding ground for advertiser competition and creativity† (Simmons 18). It is the true test of successful advertising. Prestige, worldwide attention, and the desire to increase sales are some of the most obvious reasons companies want to have their ad shown during the Super Bowl. But there is another advantage that can come out of having your name or product aired during the big game. Free publicity. The social factor of public fascination with Super Bowl advertisements can crea... ...ers and viewers as possible. By bringing a more diversified market that not only follows football, but also ads, they have accomplished exactly that (Lefton). Works Cited Posman, Adam. (1-24-01). Bully for the Super Bowl? INT Media. {On-Line}, xx. Available: http:// www.clickz.com/media/agency_stat/article.php/835871 Lohse, Deborah. (1-22-01). The Real Super Bowl Competition Is Among Ads. Mercury News. P.14. Blakehorne, Dana. (1-17-2001). Advertising During The Super Bowl: A Mixed Bag. E-Business Report. {On-Line}, Available: http://www.clickz.com/ebiz/ebiz_report/article/ pnp/835901. Bentman, Hillary. (1-26-2001). Dot-coms benched for Super Bowl kick-off. The Daily Free Press (Boston U.) p.7. Geddes, Darryl. (1-22-01) Corporate game plans for Super Bowl Ads. Cornell University Newsletter. P.3 Goldberg, Marvin. (1-5-01). Advertising during the Super Bowl can be prime-time blunder. Penn State University College of Business Administration, vol.11, p.15-16. Lefton, Terry. (2-10-99). It Ads Up. Sport, vol.90,i2, p.26-27. Simmons, Mark. (2-7-2000). Super Bowl: Sports vs. Advertising. Ask Men, vol.8,i10, p.18-20. Ryan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Capital Budgeting Case Essay

With an initial investment of $250,000, we could purchase one of two corporations. By analyzing each corporation we can make an educated decision on which corporation holds the highest return. A five year projected income statement, five year projected cash flow, and the NVP and IRR of both corporations have been created to aid in analysis. After reviewing the information, Corporation A is projected to have a higher return value than Corporation B. Corporation A, would cost us $250,000. In the first year the revenue would be $100,000 and increase 10 % each year. First year expenses would be $20,000; increasing 15 % per year. Depreciation expense each year would be $5,000. The tax rate is 25 % with a discount rate of 10 %. Corporation B, would also cost us $250,000. The revenue in the first year would be $150,000 increasing 8 % each year. Expenses would be $60,000 year one; increasing 10 % each year. The depreciation expense each year would remain at $10,000. The tax rate is 25 % with a discount rate of 11 %. The information from each corporation was applied to create a five year projected income statement. It would take Corporation B 4 years to produce the net income Corporation A would produce in its first year. Based on the projected income statement alone, Corporation A would give higher return than Corporation B. See attached excel spreadsheet to view the projected income statements for both corporations. A projected cash flow spreadsheet is also attached. The cash flow statements allows us to see how much cash is available one hand. Comparing the cash flow of both corporations help measure the health of cash flow. An important thing to remember is that cash flow does not indicate the overall financial health of the corporations. This does not account for the liabilities and assets, accounts receivable and payable. With this being sad, it is important to look at the numbers on the cash flow spreadsheet. Corporation B has a higher cash flow than Corporation A, but not by a lot. The net present value (NPV) and the internal rate of return (IRR) were both predicted for both corporation s. The NPV helps determine the profitability of the investment. It is done by estimating initial costs, future cash inflows and outflows. NPV is the reflected amount of â€Å"wealth† expected to be added as a result of the investment or project. The NPV for Corporation A is $2,520.25 and for Corporation B is $2,532.25. Based on those numbers alone Corporation B adds  more profits based on the initial investment. IRR is how to make the NPV = 0. It is typically better to use the NPV to make capital decisions than the IRR. While the some facts favor Corporation B we cannot forget about the projected income statements. The variances between the cash flow and NPV between Corporation A and B are small, yet the difference between the projected net incomes is greater. With all the information collected Corporation A still has the ability to create a higher return.

Calls for marijuana legalization

The debate on whether or not to legalize marijuana trade and consumption has been ranging on for a long time with calls for its total ban equally as loud as those that fight for its legalization. This debate a times takes a religious and an emotional perspective. This paper seeks to strengthen with factual support, the calls that support its legalization. It will give reasons behind those views as well as analyze the opposing sentiments. All this is in the believe that marijuana, if legalized, stands to be more beneficial to the society that the way it is today.My first argument towards legalization of marijuana will take an economic perspective. Billions of tax payer’s money is going to waste in the process of arresting and prosecuting people accused of consuming marijuana. This money should be channeled towards other important purposes like healthcare and providing education to our children (Barnett P.G 166-171).Every year in America, thousands of people are huddled in drug courts faced with all manner of charges ranging from consuming to trafficking marijuana, then handed undeserving sentences. Process requires millions of dollars. This is money that should be spent in giving counseling and treatment to the affected rather than trying to catch the few of the majority that smokes. It is apparent that our money is surely going to waste; the war against drugs has never been won and is not going to be won any time soon.The cost of maintaining prisoners arraigned in court over marijuana related cases each year is estimated at 1.2 billion dollars ever year. â€Å"This does not include the cost of investigating, arresting, a prosecuting and hundreds of thousands of marijuana users arrested every year† (Wayne Hall 7) this to me is a waste of scarce resources, money that otherwise should not be used had we legalized marijuana.Still in economics, the marijuana is a multibillion industry that continues to place food on the table for millions of people wor ld wide, illegally of course. I this industry can operate legally; it would be able to secure jobs to millions more as well as contributing billion of dollars through taxation. About 11 billion dollars would be gained from the tax. (Douglas Mc Ray58). The marketing of marijuana has its illegal form is left to black marketers this meaning that currently their proceeds go untaxed.Economic benefits of legalized marijuana will be two fold. First it will be from the funds saved from the efforts to suppress and eradicate its use and then secondly benefits arising form its taxation. Marijuana should be legalized, either way whether legalized or illegal consumption still takes place. There are no statistics available to indicate that its continued legal suppression over maybe the last 30 years has had any consequent impact. Prohibition does not decrease its use. Its popularity does not wane. Netherlands has done it. It’s a good case study that â€Å"marijuana legalization would not be the disaster that opponents say it would be† (Douglas Mc Kay29-32)Debate still rages on possible effects of legalizing marijuana on the health of the users. There are those who argue that it has adverse effects on health while others argue that the overall effects are insignificant. Without looking at the worst case scenarios and moderation cases, both studies indicate that there are no known risks associated with its overdose; possible side effects can only be exhibited in the behaviors of the user. (Douglas Mc Kay) these results indicate that marijuana use is not more hazardous than alcohol consumption unlimitedly.Tobacco use is equally harmful and yet it is legal. The reason why marijuana remains illegal is due to its peeved adverse effects on the users. The government in its social responsibility role has to limit its use/abuse. This to me is based on flimsy grounds. Alcohol and tobacco are also harmful, then why ban one poison and out rightly allow the usage of the oth er one. This is illegal.Marijuana decriminalization will allow people to explore the possible medicinal values it has.   Studies have shown, according to Baker D.(2003 561-567),that â€Å"cannnabinoids† (contained in marijuana) provide a novel therapeutic target, not only for controlling symptoms, but also slowing disease progression through inhibition of neurodeneration.† Disregarding its side effects, marijuana is hailed to have many therapeutic benefits like subsiding pain in cancer patients; it is basically used with pain and muscle stiffness in patients.Criminalization of marijuana literally closes these windows of research. Doctors and health experts are barred from researching with it or administering on any of their patients despite indications that it can effectively be used for medical purpose with only some mile side effects. We are making it inaccessible to millions of people out there who are maybe suffering form cancer and would want some relieve.This co untry boasts of respect and exercising fundamental freedoms for all persons. Freedom of worship is a key right that should be exercised by all and is guaranteed by the constitution. Rastafaricinism, a dominant faith in Jamaica openly advocates for marijuana usage citing its religious importance. Criminalization of marijuana clearly is in contravention of people right not only to exercise their right of worship but also their basic right to choice as long these choices do not affect others negatively.I believe it should be left to the respective individuals to make an informed choice on whether consume or not.   They should be left alone to exercise the individual liberty. People to, are left alone to choose on whether to drink or smoke, despite their known harms, people too, I think should be given leeway over marijuana.As I had noted earlier, the proponents of marijuana criminalization are equally vocal and belief they have solid reasons as to why the status quo should remain. Ma rijuana just like most drug is known to induce addictive tendencies, this is where it’s continued use results to the user being hooked to it to an extent that they are unable to function normally without it. I must say however, that addiction is not limited to marijuana alone alcohol, tobacco and also other prescribed drugs are known to cause addddiction even of a higher degree than cannabis.There is also the argument that it legalization is tantamount to sending a message especialy to underage that its consumption is indeed good. It will remove the stigma currently associated with it making it attracitve to most persons. Although this point contains some truth in it, legalization of cannabis in Netherlands failed to indicate this. Although there were a few new users, occassioned by its decriminalization, their numbers were not significantly high to warrant any concerns.Initial lifting of the ban would see maybe attraction of new users but this would later change as Clement k (1999,p49) says,..on the other hand,the disappearance of the forbidden fruits characteristics of marijuana would tend to lower consumption.†This waters down the argument that lifting the ban would see increased use.Marijuana too if allowed will lead to more expenses on the government to cope with its abuse. There will be increased allocations for the rehabs and medical facilities tao cope with its possible rampant usage. It would also mean more investments to cope with drug related crimes resulting from drug abuse. I must insist however, that findings doen do not ling marijuana to any violent crimes more than they do other drugs or specifically to alcohol. Also, a simple lsot benefit analysis refutes that the government stands to spend more on rehabs. By legalising it, any additional investment on rehabs is surpassed by the savings on marijuana policies and prosecutions in additional to the likely benefits emanating from taxes. (Aldrich, M. et al, 75-81).ConclusionThere is a n eed to review the current laws banning marijuana use in total.It is more beneficial to the general society and particularly the government.The benefits gained through taxation and employment creation surpasses the negative effects of rehabilitating the abusers.In addition too are the millions of dollars the federal government would save.The resources used to fight marijuana through prosecutions,arrests and maintaining thousands in jail would be rechanelled to other vital sectors.The benefits outweigh the costs,this should be the sole logic behind its legalisation.More benefits too stand to be reaped through the possible advances made in the medicine sector.It will see more research being done to establish ways in which marijuana can be used to ease pain in cancer patients as well as other medicinal values being explored.Works CitedAidriach, M. and T. uikuriya. â€Å"Savings in Carlifornia Marijuana law enforcement costsattributable to the Moscone Act of 1976†. Journal of Psyc hoactive drugs 20, 1998.75-81. Appraisals of the adverse health effects of cannabis use: Ideology andEvidence. June 1999.The FAS Drug policy Analysis Bulletin. Washington DC. Accessed on 3rd August 2007.https://fas.org/#3>Baker D. Pryce G. The therapeutic Potential of cannabis in multiple sclerosis. Expertopinion on investigations drugs. 2003, 561-567.Barnett, P.G. â€Å"The cost-effectiveness of substance abuse treatment†. Current psychiatryreports. 1999. 166-171.Thornton, M. â€Å"Prohibition US. Legalisation: Do Economists reach a conclusion of drug  policy? Ludwig Von Mises Institute 2002. pp.27Marijuana Legalisation: the time is now. 1998. The psycheditic Library home page.Clement K W; Daryal M.: The Economics of Marijuana Consumption.Crawley, Australia: University of Western Australia Economic Research center.1999, p 49.  indicate that marijuana resutls aviors of the user. ases, both studies indicate that there are no known risks associated with it

Records Management

Both ministry of Education and school generates information on a daily business that plays a role in the daily operation of an institute that are referred to as records. This information generated is also use for projecting and planning purposes. (Managing records at school level). Managing and organization student’s records into a cohesive and efficient might seem like an impossible task, but it depends how much effort is placed in it, that makes it possible. School that properly manages their records meets its legislation responsibilities, aids its administrative processes and ensures that records are stored when needed and destroyed when permissible. As a result, all schools should have records management system in place. Having already note that records are information, there are ten categories of information. Firstly, Action information which would be files that requires immediate response. In an institution, this information would be letters and request transfers. More than likely, action information is one that will benefit the institution so it should be brought to attention very quickly. Therefore, it is normally requested that action information be marked with an urgent sticker. Non- Action information is another category of information. Unlike Action information, Non-Action information is the type that does not require immediate action, but they do require an action. For example, if a new Minister of Education was assigned, then the school receives a letter of this action, there is no need for it to have an immediate response. It is important to note that non-action information is no less important than any other information. Therefore due to protocol and respect, it should be acknowledged. The third category of information is reoccurring information which can be described as data which is based on activities or event that reoccur in intervals. Examples of reoccurring information would be student’s attendance, accounting, assessment results and inventories. On the other hand, another category of information is non-reoccurring which refers to matters that may not recur on a regular basis during the life span of an organization. The fifth category of information is internal information that is generated within the organization. The purpose of internal communication is to enhance communication amongst colleagues so that work can be produce, managed and handle with confidentiality. When a school holds a meeting, this information may use for the bettering of the school. For example, letters from the head of the department to all staff concerning who should and should not be accepted in class for safety purposes. The complete opposite category of information which will be external will be for the use of outside communication. Next, Historical information is data that relates to past events and activities and is usually non action information. Also, future information is data that concern with events to come or take place. The two final categories of information are documented information that refers to information entered onto permanent records and non-documented information which is oral. Records are the evidence of what an organization does externally and internally. (ARMA 1) According to research records can also be defined as a documented proof of a transaction or activity. This may include business activities, contracts negotiations, and business and personnel file. Records are categorized into four categories. Firstly, the most important records which are classified as vital records includes will include a deed for property, contract sales, or budgets of the organization. Next, important records management will include board meeting minutes, financial and operating reports. Third, Useful Records can include product change letter and the least important type of records which is classified as non-essential will include memos like birthday parties and department newsletter. In addition to that, records come in many formats which comprises of physical paper, electronic, media and various databases. Not having a proper system to manage records of a company, business or institution can have a vast on its production. As a result, the world has been modernized with what is known as records management. Records Management can be defined as a systematic control of records throughout their lifestyle. (ARMA 1). The ISO 15489 also described records management as â€Å"the field of management that is responsible for the efficient and systematic control of the creation, receipt, maintenance, use and disposition or records, including process for capturing and maintaining evidence of and information about business activities and transaction in the orm of records. † (ISO 15489). Records Management includes setting policies and standards, assigning responsibilities and authorities, and integrating records management into business systems and processes. Records management in general plays an important role because records are information and assets that holds value for organization. Organization and institutions alike are given a responsibility to manage records to maximize profits, control cost, provide confidentiality, teach effective, and learn efficiently. At the end of the day, effective records management is required to ensure that information needed is retrievable, authentic and accurate. Just like all other business, companies and organization learning institutions are one of the most needed places for a proper and effective management system because they have task of teaching and providing a learning institutions. School records are reproductions of written records than relates to the school itself or students of the institution and they are records that should be kept under strict confidentiality. School records comprises of registers, school’s budget, students medical files, test scores and other valuable data about Administrators, teachers and students that are a part of the day to day running. Some benefits of an effective management are records are more easily identified and protected. An effective management improves storage and retrieval system as well. Next an effective records management increases productivity within the organization and it reduces cost for equipment, space and personnel’s. In the educational facilities specifically, an effective records management can first of all help save lives. Taking a look at the United States for example in a journal article that states evidence is mounting that food allergy and anaphylaxis have been increasing in school age children. It also stated that 16 % of these children have a reaction in school. It has been proven that an allergic reaction can sometimes result in death. If a record of these students health is kept, the school can be alert. Also, if so many children are starting to have this allergic reaction and the statistics continue growing, vendors can be asked to stop providing it. School records can also assist in taking caution with one education. If on a regular basis a child is evaluated for what seem to be a disorder or down syndromes, this child can be given the treatment he or she need to learn effectively. In addition to that, it is also important to manage school records effectively because the majority of the times, school records serve as the historical source. In order words, school records tell the history of the school. School records also supply information needed for outside communication such as school districts or Ministry of Education to process the planning and decision making by heads to facilitate school, staffs and students. Last but least, school records facilitates continuity in the administration of the school which can all be labeled as managing records from an administrative perspective. Though administrators keep more vital records, teachers and staff must also keep records to result in an effective, efficient and productive classroom. Teachers should keep record of parent’s communication, attendance, behavior and students portfolio. If a teacher don’t plan purposes and set up a system that will easier track grades and other important data, retrieving the information when needed will not be easy. Accurate records don’t happen unless they are properly recorded, files, stored, transfer and retrieved. In a classroom to manage records a teacher need three things. This includes a grade book, an attendance log, a student portfolio and a time management plan folder. Good and accurate records management shows when a teacher classes are faring and progress can be seen in children individual progress. Take for example, a record recording a student’s behaving that is evaluated and then sent down to the councilor. The councilor would deal with the matter and progress can be seen in the child’s behavior which will then show in their academic performance. Accurate and good records management in the classroom also makes the pupils aware of the teacher’s productivity and expectations. For example, children will be less likely to accuse the teacher of losing their work, because they witness good records management. Another positive trait of good records management from a teachers aspect is ensuring security for the child which is done by taking a classroom register. This will asses whether the child is attending school regularly and is sometimes used to keep track on compulsory education. In situations like this, a child parent can be called in or forwarded to The police department or social sevices if a child often misses school. Maintaining records is tiring and very time consuming, yet teachers are always left with this burden. Taking note of the vast amount of paperwork they have to deal with, it is sometimes relevant for them to create a simple filing system, to store and make retrieval of valuable document less difficult. There are three mean types of filing sytem use. They are alphacbetic , numerical and subject filing. According to research â€Å"the key element in making records management filing rules effective are consistency and documentation. † (ARMA Records management Quarterly 1) Consistency means rules stay the same from day to day and person to person. When different people use the same records but under different rules or procedures, consistency is said to be evaluated.

Postal Service Case Analysis

Postal Service Case Analysis The United States Postal Service receives no tax dollars from the federal government for their operations. They are a self-supporting agency, using the revenue from the sales of postage and postage-related products to pay expenses. Each year the postal service delivers 212 billion pieces of mail to over 144 million homes, businesses and Post Office boxes in virtually every state, city and town in the country, including Puerto Rico, Guam, the American Virgin Islands and American Samoa. Delivering this much mail, requires managing almost 800,000 employees and contractors, 38,000 facilities and 214,000 vehicles. Managing 214,000 vehicles to deliver an abundance of mail, it is no wonder that accidents happen but many can be avoided. According to www. usps. com, in 2005, the Postal Service incurred $49 million for traffic accidents and in 2006 reported 100,000 motor vehicle accidents. How can the United States Postal Service reduce the annual number of motor vehicle accidents thus saving money? The three options to address the issue of reducing the amount of motor vehicle accidents per year are as illustrated below. One option is to offer an accident-free incentive plan to drivers. Regardless of fault, if a driver remains accident-free during the course of a year, they will receive a bonus. The bonus amount will fluxuate each year depending on the dollar amount saved on accident reductions that year. So for example, if the Postal Service saves $10 million in 2007, the bonus amount would be a certain percentage of the $10 million. Another option is to offer annual driver training. Each year, drivers would have to attend a drivers training in-service in order to continue driving a motor vehicle for the Postal Service. The in-service would be a hands-on training session where the drivers would need to pass a road course. Lastly, the Postal Service can execute a more stringent driving record policy. Upon hire, the candidate would need to provide a certified driving record as a condition of employment. On an ongoing basis, the Postal Service would run annual driving record checks. If any new traffic violations appear, depending on the severity of the violation, the employee would be transferred to a position that does not require driving or their employment would be separated. The time it would take to implement the accident-free incentive option would be 6-12 months. The policy would need to be developed and approved, then an effective date would need to be determined, it could be the first of the year or the beginning of the fiscal year for the Postal Service. The cost and ease of implementation would be fairly straightforward, just the cost and resources utilized to develop the policy. The annual bonus payout wouldn’t be determined until the savings from the year is figured out. Once the savings is figured out, the bonus would be a percentage of that amount and of course, each year that amount would vary. Having an incentive for drivers to take the time and think about their actions while driving, could result in a high return on investment for the Postal Service. If traffic accidents decrease even the slightest bit, the cost savings could be hundreds of thousands of dollars. The time and cost to implement the annual drivers training option would be more lengthy and expensive. The Postal Service would need to locate a facility in each state to hold the driver training and hire qualified trainers. Providing more intensive driver training could also result in decreased traffic accidents for the Postal Service. The problem with this option is not only is it costly, employees may not take the training seriously. There have been many trainings that I have attended where employees tend to goof-off and not take it as seriously as they should. The last option regarding implementing driving record checks would be relatively inexpensive. Upon hire, the candidate would absorb the initial cost of obtaining their driving record but going forward on annual basis, the Postal Service would be responsible for the cost. A driving record costs around $10. 00 and with an estimated 214,000 drivers, the annual cost would be around $2,140,000. This option seems costly; however, if the traffic accidents decrease as a result of the checks, the amount of money saved would more than the Postal Service pays for the driving record checks. To conclude, the option I think would be best is the accident-free driver’s incentive plan. When a company offers an incentive to earn more money, employees seem to respond. Not only will employees take this option seriously, the Postal Service would see a dramatic decrease in traffic accidents. By putting the onus on employees and providing them a bonus opportunity they are more likely to make better decisions when driving. Source: www. usps. com OptionsCriteria 1Criteria 2Criteria 3Criteria 4 Time to implementCostEase of ImplementationReturn on Investment Accident-free incentive plan6-12 monthsVaries depending on cost savings on accidentsRelatively easy-policy development and researchPotentially high-money talks to employees Annual Driver TrainingMore lengthyExpensive-need to buy/rent land and/or building plus equipment, trainer, etc. DifficultPotentially low-employees may not take training as seriously More stringent driving record checksImmediate~$2-3 million per yearEasyUnknown-Could lose employees due to results of check

Relating Of Finance Available For Marc Day And SwapgameCom Essay

Relating Of Finance Available For Marc Day And SwapgameCom - Essay Example SwapGame is famed for being the first company in the UK to offer video game rental online, as well as give customers the prospect, to retain the games they hire for low pre-played price. It is currently also the pioneer company, to offer online trade-in service, offering gamers with a suitable means to trade in their unwanted games for instant credit, to reduce the price they pay for fresh games. Throughout the UK, Swap Game service has evolved in the past six, and still aspires to offer the unlimited best worth gaming, and service to its customers. Conversely, Business Link is an online resource for businesses and is government owned. It holds vital information, support and services for people’s businesses both larger and smaller ones, established and starting ones. It involves useful online paraphernalia such as calculators and best practical case studies and also broad support. There are several sources that Swap Game can use to raise funds for its starting up as well as it s expansion. These sources can be either internal or external. Internal sources surface from retained profits while external sources are obtained from other outside sources. These sources include banks, owner’s savings, hire purchase, leasing and mortgaging when starting, in 2008, and the other forms such trade credits and sale and leaseback as well as grants for expansion, in 2010. Others such as debt collection and sale of assets are also suitable means to raise funds to begin the swap game business.... These sources include banks, owner’s savings, hire purchase, leasing and mortgaging when starting, in 2008, and the other forms such trade credits and sale and leaseback as well as grants for expansion, in 2010. Internal sources of finance The sources identified for 2008, are appropriate and easily achievable, as the funds such as savings come from the owner, and a viable business plan can earn the business loans from the banks, to start up. Others such as debt collection and sale of assets are also suitable means to raise funds to begin the swap game business. For expansion, in 2010 the sources identified are appropriate since they will need an established company so as to consider them for loans and funding. This includes companies such as Spong, game and eurogamer.net, who are partners and funders of SwapGame. Businesses need funds in order to operate. In some cases, the business cannot raise the required funds to satisfy it needs. It is crucial for businesses to have diffe rent sources, for raising income (Newman, 2010, 146). The advantage of using the internal sources of income is that, the business will be debt free, and will save money by avoiding the payment of interest required when external sources are used. Internal sources, however, are not readily available for the users, and in most cases, the funds raised internally are inadequate for the intended purpose. Internal sources also limit the business ion that the funds raised are not large amounts, which can satisfy the adequately cater for the business needs. In the case where internal finances are not sufficient, the business needs to employ external bodies to ensure that they rise the finances required